5A10.15 - Triboelectric Series

Code Number:
5A10.15
Demo Title:
Triboelectric Series
Condition:
Good
Principle:
Electrostatics
Area of Study:
Electricity & Magnetism
Equipment:
See file 5A10.15 in the E & M section.
Procedure:

The triboelectric series lists solids that when rubbed together with another on the list the one listed higher receives a positive charge (items lose electrons) and those below it a negative charge (items gain electrons).

6  such lists are:

   

Smithsonian Triboelectric Series

Not-So-Common Materials School for Champions Triboelectric Series by W. Beaty

Physics Demonstrations by Julian Clint Sprott

Triboelectric Series by Thomas B. Jones

Positive (+) Items Lose Electrons

  • Mica
  • Wool
  • Nylon
  • Polished Glass
  • Lead
  • Silk
  • Aluminum, Zinc
  • Filter Paper
  • Cotton
  • Dry Wood
  • Unpolished Glass
  • Lucite/Perspex
  • Paraffin Wax
  • Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
  • Polystyrene
  • Polyethylene
  • Soft Rubber
  • Sulfur
  • Hard Rubber
  • Teflon
  • Saran wrap

Negative (-) Items Gain Electrons

Positive (+) Items Lose Electrons

  • Asbestos
  • Fur (Rabbit)
  • Glass Mica
  • Wool
  • Quartz
  • Cat's Fur
  • Lead
  • Silk
  • Human Skin, Aluminum
  • Cotton
  • Wood
  • Amber
  • Resins
  • Brass, Cu, Ni, Co, Ag, etc.
  • Rubber
  • Sulfur
  • Metals (Pt Au)
  • Celluloid
  • India Rubber

Negative (-) Items Gain Electrons

Positive (+) Items Lose Electrons

  • Rabbit's Fur 
  • Glass
  • Mica
  • Wool
  • Cat's Fur
  • Silk
  • Cotton
  • Wood
  • Amber
  • Resins
  • Metals (Cu, Ni, Co, Ag, etc.)
  • Sulfur
  • Metals (Pt, Au)
  • Celluliod

Negative (-) Items Gain Electrons

Positive (+) Items Lose Electrons

  • Silicone Elastomer with Silica Filler
  • Borosilicate Glass, Fire Polished
  • Window Glass
  • Ethylcellulose
  • Rock Salt (NaCl)
  • Wool, Knitted
  • Silica, Fire Polished
  • Silk, Woven
  • Cellulose Acetate
  • Cellulose (Regenerated) Sponge
  • Cotton, Woven 
  • Polyurethane Elastomer
  • Polystyrene 
  • Polyurethane Flexible Sponge
  • Borosilicate Glass, Ground Surface
  • Polyvinyl Butyral
  • Epoxide resin 
  • Natural rubber
  • Sulfur
  • Polyethylene

Negative (-) Items Gain Electrons

Positive (+) Items Lose Electrons

  • Human Skin
  • Asbestos
  • Rabbit Fur
  • Glass
  • Human Hair
  • Mica
  • Nylon
  • Wool
  • Lead
  • Cat Fur
  • Silk
  • Aluminum
  • Paper
  • Cotton
  • Steel
  • Wood
  • Lucite
  • Sealing Wax
  • Amber
  • Polystyrene
  • Rubber
  • Nickel, Copper
  • Brass, Silver
  • Gold, Platinum
  • Sulfur
  • Acetate, Rayon
  • Polyester
  • Celluloid
  • Polyurethane
  • Polyethylene
  • Polypropylene
  • PVC ( Vinyl )
  • Silicone rubber
  • Teflon

Negative (-) Items Gain Electrons

    Positive (+) Items Lose Electrons

    • Air (*?)
    • Human Hands 
    • Asbestos 
    • Rabbit 
    • Fur 
    • Glass 
    • Mica 
    • Human Hair 
    • Nylon 
    • Wool 
    • Fur
    • Lead 
    • Silk
    • Aluminum 
    • Paper
    • Cotton ZERO 
    • Steel 
    • Wood 
    • Amber 
    • Sealing 
    • Wax
    • Hard Rubber
    • Nickel, Copper 
    • Brass, Silver 
    • Gold, Platinum 
    • Sulfur 
    • Acetate, Rayon 
    • Polyester 
    • Styrene (Styrofoam) 
    • Orlon 
    • Saran 
    • Polyurethane 
    • Polyethylene 
    • Polypropylene 
    • Vinyl (PVC) 
    • Silicon 
    • Teflon

    Negative (-) Items Gain Electrons

    Positive (+) Items Lose Electrons

    • Dry Human Skin
    • Leather
    • Rabbit Fur
    • Glass
    • Human Hair
    • Nylon
    • Wool
    • Lead
    • Cat Fur
    • Silk
    • Aluminum
    • Paper
    • Cotton
    • Steel
    • Wood
    • Amber
    • Hard Rubber
    • Nickel, Copper
    • Brass, Silver
    • Gold, Platinum
    • Polyester
    • Styrene (Styrofoam)
    • Saran Wrap
    • Polyurethane
    • Polyethylene
    • Polypropylene
    • Vinyl (PVC)
    • Silicon
    • Teflon

    Negative (-) Items Gain Electrons

    Positive (+) Items Lose Electrons

    • Asbestos
    • Glass
    • Nylon
    • Wool
    • Lead
    • Silk
    • Aluminum
    • Paper
    • Cotton
    • Steel
    • Hard Rubber
    • Nickel & Copper
    • Brass & Silver
    • Synthetic Rubber
    • Orlon
    • Saran
    • Polyethylene
    • Teflon
    • Silicone Rubber

    Negative (-) Items Gain Electrons

     

     

    Triboelectric Table by AlphaLab Inc.      
    Polyurethane foam +60 +N All materials are good insulators (>1000 T ohm cm) unless noted.
    Sorbothane +58 -W Slightly conductive. (120 G ohm cm).

    Box sealing tape (BOPP)

    +55 +W Non-sticky side. Becomes more negative if sanded down to the BOPP film.
    Hair, oily skin

    +45

    +N Skin is conductive. Cannot be charged by metal rubbing.
    Solid polyurethane, filled +40 +N Slightly conductive. (8 T ohm cm).
    Magnesium fluoride (MgF2) +35 +N Anti-reflective optical coating.
    Nylon, dry skin +30 +N Skin is conductive. Cannot be charged by metal rubbing.
    Machine oil +29 +N  
    Nylatron (nylon filled with MoS2) +28 +N  
    Glass (soda) +25 +N Slightly conductive. (Depends on humidity).
    Paper (uncoated copy) +10

    -W

    Most papers & cardboard have similar affinity. Slightly conductive.
    Wood (pine) +7 -W  
    GE brand Silicone II (hardens in air) +6 +N More positive than the other silicone chemistry (see below).
    Cotton +5 +N Slightly conductive. (Depends on humidity).
    Nitrile rubber +3 -W  
    Wool 0 -W  
    Polycarbonate -5 -W  
    ABS -5 -N  
    Acrylic (polymethyl methacrylate) and adhesive side of clear carton-sealing and office tape -10 -N Several clear tape adhesives are have an affinity almost identical to acrylic, even though various compositions are listed.
    Epoxy (circuit board) -32 -N  
    Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR, Buna S) -35 -N Sometimes inaccurately called "neoprene" (see below).
    Solvent-based spray paints -38 -N May vary.
    PET (mylar) cloth -40 -W  
    PET (mylar) solid -40 +W  
    EVA rubber for gaskets, filled -55 -N Slightly conductive. (10 T ohm cm). Filled rubber will usually conduct.
    Gum rubber -60 -N Barely conductive. (500 T ohm cm).
    Hot melt glue -62 -N  
    Polystyrene -70 -N  
    Polyimide -70 -N  
    Silicones (air harden & thermoset, but not GE) -72 -N  
    Vinyl: flexible (clear tubing) -75 -N  
    Carton-sealing tape (BOPP), sanded down -85 -N

    Raw surface is very + (see above), but close to PP when sanded.

    Olefins (alkenes): LDPE, HDPE, PP -90 -N UHMWPE is below. Against metals, PP is more neg than PE.
    Cellulose nitrate -93 -N  
    Office tape backing (vinyl copolymer ?) -95 -N  
    UHMWPE -95 -N  
    Neoprene (polychloroprene, not SBR) -98 -N Slightly conductive if filled (1.5 T ohm cm).
    PVC (rigid vinyl) -100 -N  
    Latex (natural) rubber -105 -N  
    Viton, filled -117 -N Slightly conductive. (40 T ohm cm).
    Epichlorohydrin rubber, filled -118 -N Slightly conductive. (250 G ohm cm).
    Santoprene rubber -120 -N  
    Hypalon rubber, filled -130 -N Slightly conductive. (30 T ohm cm).
    Butyl rubber, filled -135 -N Conductive. (900 M ohm cm). Test was done fast.
    EDPM rubber, filled -140 -N Slightly conductive. (40 T ohm cm).
    Teflon -190 -N Surface is  fluorine atoms-- very electronegative

     

    References:
    • Walter Roy Mellen, "Inexpensive Electrostatic Halos", TPT, Vol. 28, #9, Dec. 1990, p. 612.
    • Richard J. Fitzgerald, "A Nanovolcano Array", Physics Today, Vol. 71, #5, May 2018, p. 72.
    • E-010: "Triboelectric Series", DICK and RAE Physics Demo Notebook.
    • Gorazd Planinsic, "You Can Make Sweet Electricity In Your Kitchen", Physics Education, Vol.39, # 1, Jan. 2004, p. 36.
    • Robert A. Morse, "Laboratory Activity 1: Separating Charges & Forces Between Charged Objects ", Teaching about Electrostatics, p. 3 - 1.
    • Janice VanCleave, "Variation", Geography for Every Kids: East Activities that Make Learning Geography Fun, p. 75.
    • Jearl Walker, "5.14, Ski Glow", The Flying Circus of Physics Ed. 2, p. 225.
    • Jearl Walker, "5.8, Sweaters, Playground Slides, and Surgery Rooms", The Flying Circus of Physics Ed. 2, p. 50.
    • Simon Quellen Field, "The Triboelectric Series", Gonzo Gizmos, p. 59.
    • 10.02:  R.D. Edge, String & Sticky Tape Experiments.
    • R.A. Ford, "Tribolectrification and Contact Electrification", Homemade Lightning, p. 90- 92.
    • Robert P. Lanni, "Electrostatics Demonstrations", Apparatus for Teaching Physics, p. 193.
    • Rudolf F. Graf, "The Triboelectric or Electrostatic Series", Safe and Simple Electrical Experiments, p. 37.

    Disclaimer: These demonstrations are provided only for illustrative use by persons affiliated with The University of Iowa and only under the direction of a trained instructor or physicist.  The University of Iowa is not responsible for demonstrations performed by those using their own equipment or who choose to use this reference material for their own purpose.  The demonstrations included here are within the public domain and can be found in materials contained in libraries, bookstores, and through electronic sources.  Performing all or any portion of any of these demonstrations, with or without revisions not depicted here entails inherent risks.  These risks include, without limitation, bodily injury (and possibly death), including risks to health that may be temporary or permanent and that may exacerbate a pre-existing medical condition; and property loss or damage.  Anyone performing any part of these demonstrations, even with revisions, knowingly and voluntarily assumes all risks associated with them.